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a research paper written by students over an academic term or semester which accounts for a large amount of a grade and makes up much of the course. Term papers are generally intended to describe an event or concept or argue a point. A term paper is A written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length and is often due at the end of a semester. There is much overlap between the terms "research paper" and "term paper". The phrase "term paper" was originally used to describe a paper (usually a research based paper) that was due at the end of the "term" - either a semester or quarter, depending on which unit of measure a school used. However, the term has fallen out of favor. Common usage has "term paper" and "research paper" as interchangeable, but this is not completely accurate. Not all term papers involve academic research, and not all research papers are term papers.
Ten Guaranteed tested Tips to select appealing Dissertation Topics
Well, the initial obstacle you face when you have to write a dissertation is about selecting a captivating and appealing dissertation topic. And you know you can’t proceed at all if you haven’t gone through the stage of dissertation topics selection. There could be many reasons such as:
Or you night be facing some other problems other than the above mentioned problems. Whatever the problem you are facing, you have landed on the right place where you will get all the solutions to all your dissertation topics problems.
Tip # 1
First of all you need not to panic at all. Just be relaxed and feel free about selecting you dissertation topic and focus and explore the audience of your dissertation which is mainly you dissertation committee members and other students.
Tip # 2
Next thing you have to do is to find out the interest area of your advisor. He/She would rather be willing to help you gladly since they are also interested in your selected dissertation topic.
Tip # 3
Be careful and attentive that the dissertation topic also interests you. If not so then it is more likely that you lose your concentration and interest in writing your own dissertation.
Tip # 4
This is very important that you select a dissertation topic which gives a solution to a certain existing problem and have effects and significance in the current era.
Tip # 5
If you are doing it for you PhD degree, you may also expand your Masters thesis into PhD dissertation.
Tip # 6
As you know hundred of thousands dissertations have been written so far. But the successful and acclaimed ones are those which were written on new and unique dissertation topics. So it is significant to come up with unique and distinguished dissertation topics. Rather than overused dissertation topics.
Tip # 7
It is not wise at all to select a controversial dissertation topic. It is advisable that you go for such a dissertation topic which brings a definite solution to a persisting and current problem.
Tip # 8
Utilize your knowledge efficiently and start working out with the best of your knowledge and information you have about a particular subject.
Tip # 9
There is dilemma most of the students face. The dilemma is that they select either too narrow or too broad dissertation topic and none of them is useful for you. So you have to go for a dissertation topic which is neither too broad nor too narrow.
Tip # 10
It also bears fruit for you if you read the dissertations written by other students. The previous dissertations make you aware of a lot of dissertation topics and you can expand those ones further to write your own dissertation.
Although police officers are by no means children, the metaphor of childhood is illuminating. A child who cannot depend on the accessibility and stability of a parent has no freedom to risk or explore. Echoes of this persist into adulthood. Although chiefs may have little or no direct relationship to many of their employees, they are related in the employee's mind. When the chief arrives at the scene of a critical incident it almost always carries a symbolic measure of concern and reassurance that far exceeds the chief's ability to influence the situation at hand. If you want to Buy a Custom Paper on the Research Conducted, you may confidently rely on experience of our essay writers! Conversely, weak leadership or constantly changing leadership raises organizational anxiety and interferes with the accomplishment of real work. I witnessed near revolution in an agency in which the officers felt abandoned by their chief. Whereas the line level sought a vote of no confidence, managers talked about ignoring the chief because it was their agency and they could run it despite him or without him. In another agency, line-level staff sought to bring their concerns directly to the city council and to the media because they felt their leadership no longer understood or cared about their welfare. They perceived their leader to be kind and well meaning, but ineffective and politically powerless in a city structure in which other department heads had the strategic acumen needed to lobby for their own. This nice but ineffective chief left his employees feeling as though they were running their own ship without the authority to do so. His staff spent an enormous amount of time worrying and complaining about their uncertain future, feeling like they were riding a rudderless ship through the turbulent macroenvironment of city hall. The technology of critical incident debriefing exemplifies how dependence can be normalized in the service of the task by honoring the universal human need to depend on something larger than oneself in times of stress. These advances were preceded by a cultural reframing of dependence, a normalizing of the range of psychological reactions to stressful aspects of the job, and permission to both offer and accept a container for the exploration of the individual human experience of traumatic stress. Order our Premium custom essay writing services and get your English essay written overnight! One of the most impressive and moving aspects of a critical incident group debriefing, for example, is the affirmation of team members' feelings for each other. The depth of this intense connection is not openly or directly addressed in daily work because of cultural prohibitions (including homophobia) against the open expression of dependency and affection. Discussing this attachment is reassuring in that the group together acknowledges and reinforces how crucial interdependence and collaboration are to their tasks. Although the drama experienced by field personnel is rarely mirrored in the conference room, the ability to collaborate productively around any task is related to the experience individuals have as members of a group.
Police are a holding environment for society. Society depends on police for basic safety needs and to help manage anxiety about the aggressive impulses of others. Reaction to the Rodney King verdict strongly demonstrated the degree to which some members of society regard police as the source of the aggression they are seeking to stop. The perception that they cannot depend on the very social institution created for their protection constitutes a serious deprivation because institutions are social systems that "function as a collective defense against anxiety". Police institutions serve police employees in the same way by providing a collective defense against the anxiety generated by the job itself. If you need help with admission essay writing or want to get Custom written term papers, do not hesitate to buy services at our site! Adults are ambivalent about dependency because dependence threatens deeply held values of autonomy, independence, and free will and is reminiscent of a primitive, childlike aspect of ourselves. This is especially difficult for law enforcers because of cultural projections about police and masculinity that imprison officers as much as they imprison those who create the projections. When individual officers feel disconnected from their institutions, or the institutions themselves disconnect from society, we see disorder within police departments and the increase of basic assumption activity--particularly fight or flight activity--as manifested by vigilantism, brutality, burnout, labor unrest, and the perversion of authority. Although society has every right to expect police to hold to a higher standard, it is also obligated to provide the support necessary to maintain that higher standard. Neither the dependent needs of society nor the dependent needs of officers can be ignored because of their intrinsic relatedness. The process consultant models the holding environment by providing employees a container in which to learn to understand and manage the social and intrapsychic experiences that are attached to police work: despair, ambivalence, fear, dependence, impulsivity, cynicism, anxiety, frustration, and the ongoing dilemma between the humiliation of passivity and remorse for aggression. Get custom critical essay writing online at cheap price! I work with leadership at all levels of the organization to apply the authority of their role to secure the work environment so that it becomes a safe base from which to take risks. Law enforcement takes risks in order to make things secure. Conversely, things must be secure in order to take those risks.
The way in which group dynamics influences individuals and impacts the exercise of leadership and authority was described by Bion. Bion hypothesized the existence of two levels of group functioning: conscious, rational, task-oriented activity known as work, and unconscious, irrational activity known as basic assumption life. Bion described three basic assumptions seen in group activity: dependence (the shared assumption that groups come together to meet their dependency needs rather than to work); fight or flight (the assumption that groups assemble not to work but to fight or flee from the leader or to get the leader to collude with the group in fight or flight activity); and pairing (the assumption that the group is organized to produce a pair who will save the day rather than require the group to collaborate in the solution to a problem). Turquet added a fourth assumption, basic oneness, in which a group operated as if it were all of one mind, and was all the individual members needed to survive in the world. All of these "as if" states of group activity exist along a continuum ranging from universal and normal to exaggerated and pathological and each has its light and dark sides. Looking for advices with English essay writing? Dependency on the leader, for instance, can be seen in team spirit and group loyalty as well as in the tragic consequences of following a Jim Jones or a David Koresh. Dependency is the predominant assumption in the police culture. This contradicts stereotypical views of police as fighters. Although police do fight, of course, they have pressing needs for job security and their predilection for variety and action is best satisfied within a contained holding environment in which they are well cared for. Holding environment is a term borrowed from family therapy to describe the way in which families manage and contain the emotional aspects of family life. The power of holding environments to contain aggression and minister to dependent needs is best seen in the breech. Even small rents in the holding environment generate major shifts into a fight or flight reaction. Shoring up the integrity of the holding environment, normalizing dependency, balancing individual and organizational responsibility, and linking all to effective police work is a critical task for the organization consultant.
Human beings live and work in groups. Our memberships in groups are reassuring when they address our needs and frightening when they threaten to overwhelm our sense of individuality. We hold memberships in many groups at once--work, family, community, and so on--and those groups may be related, sometimes cooperatively, sometimes competitively. It is axiomatic that one cannot take the individual out of the group or the group out of the individual. Organizations are structured, intentional associations of groups with an agreed-on task. Process consultants spend much of their time working with groups and considering the relationship between individuals, groups, leadership, authority, and task. It is safe to custom essay writing at our site! These relationships are uniquely strained in the police culture because individual personality is so often squashed by the standardization of labor, projections from society, and the pressure to conform and bond together against a seemingly hostile public. Understanding how leadership and authority is connected to group behavior is crucial to organizational diagnosis. Often the police chief or manager who has first contacted the consultant is both the source and bearer of the problems the consultant will address. When working with individual leaders, I look at how group and organizational behavior promotes or impedes individuals from exercising personal or vested authority. I ask myself a number of questions: Is leadership related to the whole organization or to certain segments only? Is authority delegated on the basis of competence or other factors like gender, race, or politics? How clear are leaders about the role and task of the agency and its subunits. How knowledgeable is the chief about these dynamic factors in the agency? What is the relationship between overt and covert, formal and informal leadership? Can new leaders emerge? Are current leaders cut off and isolated? What projections do leaders attract and why? How can such projections be returned to the rest of the organization?
The work of the organizational consultant is psychodynamic; phenomenological; systemic in scope; sensitive to issues of race, gender, and authority; and focused more on process than content and more on group relations than individual personality. The consultant's role is that of participant/observer, not expert. The consultant is a mutual learner along with clients, and not a trainer, although occasional training may be necessary. The consultant is not a meeting facilitator, an encounter group leader, a strategist, a planner, or a therapist, although he or she is much interested in the data of individual experience, particularly anxiety, and he or she uses interpretation as an intervention tool. The work of psychodynamic, process-oriented consultation contrasts significantly with interventions that rely predominantly (and optimistically) on conscious, rational thinking for data about the organization. If you seek help with admission essay writing or want to receive Custom written term papers, do not hesitate to request professional writing help at our site! Such interventions tend to focus on well-defined measurable problems (e.g., productivity) or teach specific skills. They are popular with law enforcement because they resonate with aspects of the police culture that emphasize a nonemotional, nonthreatening, control-based, goal-oriented approach to problem solving. Each time participant/observer consultants contract with a client they must study the new culture they are entering. I learned the value of being a participant/observer when I was a drama student observing people at work. My professor had warned me that bad acting resulted from false and romantic assumptions about the character one played. Great actors, he said, understood that Macbeth roamed the halls of his drafty, ill-lit castle wrapped in a stinking bearskin cape for warmth. His life was both corporeal and cerebral. It was not enough to portray only his tortured emotions. For a drama project I took a job in a Times Square dance hall. I observed firsthand that the work was tedious and that business was conducted according to a stringent unwritten etiquette, violation of which brought censure and social expulsion from the dozen or so female dance partners who represented most of the erotic archetypes from ancient and modern history. This was a big surprise, as I was expecting to find only licentiousness and anarchy in such a wanton enterprise. Get customized critical essay help online at the cheapest price! It was also an enduring first lesson in the benefits of immersing myself in the occupational subculture of the workplace. Years of consulting experience have supported the soundness of that unexpected lesson, especially when the occupational culture is distorted by projections and contains values vastly different from one's own. There is no textbook treatment or classroom lecture that can approximate the information, perspective, and credibility one gains from firsthand observation and participation at the worksite. Officers care more about how many hours consultants have spent riding in a patrol car in the middle of the night than where they earned their doctorates.
Among the skeptics were those who thought that organizational theories based on research conducted in business and industry had limited generalizability to human service organizations (HSOs) such as hospitals, social services agencies, schools, and police departments. Kouzes and Mico, for instance, criticized organization development technology because it was industry specific. They believed industry operated from a simple structural paradigm with profit being a clear quantifiable goal and measure of success. The goals of HSOs, on the contrary, were ambiguous, problematic, unclear, intangible, and qualitative. They described HSOs as associations of spheres of influence and control they called domains. The three primary domains-policymaking, management, and service delivery--each operated by contrasting principles, had different views of reality, employed different success measures, and used various modes of work. If you would like to Buy a Custom Paper on the Research Conducted, you may confidently rely on professionalism of our online writers! They believed organization consultation was best utilized to "create opportunities for people to confront the tensions caused by the interactions of these disjunctive domains". The more complex the organizational task, the more subgroups are inclined to substitute their own group task as the defining goal of the organization. This is a familiar scenario in police organizations where the city council, administrators, and line-level personnel seem perpetually at odds over such issues as the definition of their primary mission, the apportionment of scarce resources, and norms of behavior. These same conflicts extend even to the service providers who argue about the relative importance of the many mandated and optional police services; a far cry from the relative simplicity of profit and loss. The 1980s and 1990s saw a move toward purposefully enlarging the domain of collaboration in law enforcement with the creation of community-oriented policing, which can be described as an effort to widen the collaborative domain between police and citizens by maximizing contact with the community, and increasing communication, exposure, and accountability. Problem definition and problem solving are done conjointly with the consumer or customer of police services. Buy our Premium custom essay writing services and get your English essay written at affordable price! Access to city services is restructured and authority redistributed between municipal departments so that the line-level officer can solve a social or community problem by going directly to another city department for assistance. The experience and expertise of private industry is indelibly stamped on community policing through strategies and concepts of customer service, research and development, and a variety of marketing and service delivery techniques. Such collaborative efforts are not always welcome because the existence of an impermeable boundary between police and community can be reas-suring to both sides. Police are concerned that a coalition with the community will result in a civilian review board and the unwelcome intrusion of uninformed, hostile citizen groups into police management. While most communities welcome community policing, some believe the presence of substations and beat officers in their neighborhood is tantamount to living in occupied territory.
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As with the earth’s landscapes, the mindscapes of professional geographers have reflected the cultures and world-views of its sponsors and audiences. Its status as academic discipline has mirrored the fluctuating fortunes of nations and empires, flowering at moments of societal self-confidence, altruism, or expansionary challenge; relaxing in routine-operational tasks of housekeeping and inventory, textbook writing, and functionally specialized research in times of stability or depression. Essay writing help we offer is authentic and in accordance to your requirements. Active participants in a global community of scholars too, geographers have also negotiated their practices within the reigning scientific paradigms of particular periods. In historical perspective, the changing trends in political and intellectual life have only rarely been synchronous; their complex interplay amply revealed within the career trajectories of individual scholars and texts produced within various schools. One of the most important foci for critical discussions among geographers today has been the history and philosophy of the discipline itself. Far from an exercise in memorizing names and dates of the alleged ancestors, this field has become both ‘contextual’ and ‘critical’. The humanist perspective would focus on ideas in practice, interplay of creativity and context, through various periods, and seek to evaluate the implications of such practices for everyday life and landscape. While academic geography in Europe can be traced to Greek and Roman sources, its institutional origins during the modern period are due to the work of geographical societies, particularly those of the nineteenth century. Custom assistance with book reports for students of all levels! Custom written term papers delivered by professional paper writers! The establishment of geography as university department, however, marked explicit political choices made within national Ministries of Education. The discipline’s agenda would henceforth be harmonized with that of its major sponsor, the nation-state. To this day, with some notable exceptions, the practice of geography everywhere has borne a distinctively national character. The most widely circulated texts on world geography were produced by the major imperial and colonizing nations, projecting the world-views and global ambitions of the respective metropole. For a strident nation on the march, it was exceedingly important that the young be socialized in the ideology and expansionary hubris of the home nation, and that some be trained for the ranks of its military, mercantile, or missionary bands eager to conquer and ‘civilize’ the rest of benighted humanity. The geographer was quite useful for colonial conquest in mapping potential scenarios for the administrative regionalization of newly occupied territory. Early colonizers deemed it wise to pack bibles and catechisms as well as geography textbooks and guidelines for survey and inventory of resources. Later imperialists brought the catechisms of capitalistic resource exploitation.
Generally a low-status school subject, physical education has been the subject of occasional government and general public interest during times of crisis, such as wars and social unrest. Howell and Ingham (2001) suggest that this was particularly true in the US around the time of the Korean War when authorities were dismayed by the number of young men who failed the physical tests. But as others have pointed, it is difficult to find an historical example in which Western governmental and/or medical authorities have been anything other than shocked by what tests have 'revealed' about the physical state of its citizenry. Recent university studies of the physical skill levels of Australian children were interpreted as evidence of a general physical deterioration, even though no data exist against which these tests could be compared. Why to order Help with Research Paper Proposal? The release of these results was accompanied by calls for more time for physical education. The Affluent Society has many features about it which can be associated with physical enfeeblement. The ease and softness of life no longer make demands on the human organism that test and strengthen. The numerous labour-saving devices may be rewarded almost as commensurate with body-weakening. The promise of a still further extension of the use of automation in the produce of goods is likely to reduce the necessity for physical powers still more. The growing obsolescence in the necessity for physical fitness and hardiness in our day-to-day living, which has accelerated considerably in the past twenty years, is in the long run debilitating to man's constitution. Of all the ways in which twentieth century man has disavowed his biological inheritances, the diminished usage of his large muscles is proving to be one of the most serious. For as man sits more and exercises less, he tends to violate his body's own wisdom. This very neglect leads us to hold seminars on obesity - and sooner or later someone appears to speak on physical activity and its relationship to this national health problem. And while this seminar is directed toward the obese individual we must remember that most of us are potential candidates for this not-too-select club and, therefore, my remarks are designed to have personal meaning for all.
Children today love luxury. They have bad manners, a contempt for authority, a disrespect for their elders, and they like to talk instead of work. Our educated writers deliver Custom Written Research Papers of the best quality! They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble up the best at the table, and tyrannize over their teachers.
Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), grandfather of Charles Darwin, maintained in his 1797 A Plan for the Conduct of Female Education in Boarding Schools that the children of his day had become far too sedentary and were in need of vigorous daily exercising. Concern about the declining physical capacities of children, particularly ruling-class boys, played a vital role in the development of organized sports during the second half of the 1800s as well as the rise of 'muscular Christianity'. And as a number of social historians have shown, social reformers had been articulating variations of these concerns since at least the early 1800s. In fact, a case could easily be made that the fear of bodily deterioration, brought about by rapid urbanization, was one of the defining ideas of the Victorian age. For example, McLaren shows how the proliferation of office work in Europe and North America generated middle-class anxiety about both physical and moral 'vigour'. Order essay or editing writing services and receive assignment drafted by the best writer! Similar concerns about the corrupting potential of civilisation where central to Pierre de Coubertin's inspiration for the modern Olympic Games and, in an extreme form, shaped both the language and iconography of European fascism.
By the early twentieth century, the idea that modern living was unhealthy and lead to mass indolence had begun to find an important ally in the emerging field of scientifically grounded medicine. Elsewhere, in his ominously titled The Word, the Flesh and the Devil (1929), the distinguished scientist J. D. Bernal predicted that, unless new functions were found for the human body, which he saw as trapped in a rapidly technologically changing world, it would be dispensed with altogether through sheer lack of use.
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