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a research paper written by students over an academic term or semester which accounts for a large amount of a grade and makes up much of the course. Term papers are generally intended to describe an event or concept or argue a point. A term paper is A written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length and is often due at the end of a semester. There is much overlap between the terms "research paper" and "term paper". The phrase "term paper" was originally used to describe a paper (usually a research based paper) that was due at the end of the "term" - either a semester or quarter, depending on which unit of measure a school used. However, the term has fallen out of favor. Common usage has "term paper" and "research paper" as interchangeable, but this is not completely accurate. Not all term papers involve academic research, and not all research papers are term papers.
Although police officers are by no means children, the metaphor of childhood is illuminating. A child who cannot depend on the accessibility and stability of a parent has no freedom to risk or explore. Echoes of this persist into adulthood. Although chiefs may have little or no direct relationship to many of their employees, they are related in the employee's mind. When the chief arrives at the scene of a critical incident it almost always carries a symbolic measure of concern and reassurance that far exceeds the chief's ability to influence the situation at hand. If you want to Buy a Custom Paper on the Research Conducted, you may confidently rely on experience of our essay writers! Conversely, weak leadership or constantly changing leadership raises organizational anxiety and interferes with the accomplishment of real work. I witnessed near revolution in an agency in which the officers felt abandoned by their chief. Whereas the line level sought a vote of no confidence, managers talked about ignoring the chief because it was their agency and they could run it despite him or without him. In another agency, line-level staff sought to bring their concerns directly to the city council and to the media because they felt their leadership no longer understood or cared about their welfare. They perceived their leader to be kind and well meaning, but ineffective and politically powerless in a city structure in which other department heads had the strategic acumen needed to lobby for their own. This nice but ineffective chief left his employees feeling as though they were running their own ship without the authority to do so. His staff spent an enormous amount of time worrying and complaining about their uncertain future, feeling like they were riding a rudderless ship through the turbulent macroenvironment of city hall. The technology of critical incident debriefing exemplifies how dependence can be normalized in the service of the task by honoring the universal human need to depend on something larger than oneself in times of stress. These advances were preceded by a cultural reframing of dependence, a normalizing of the range of psychological reactions to stressful aspects of the job, and permission to both offer and accept a container for the exploration of the individual human experience of traumatic stress. Order our Premium custom essay writing services and get your English essay written overnight! One of the most impressive and moving aspects of a critical incident group debriefing, for example, is the affirmation of team members' feelings for each other. The depth of this intense connection is not openly or directly addressed in daily work because of cultural prohibitions (including homophobia) against the open expression of dependency and affection. Discussing this attachment is reassuring in that the group together acknowledges and reinforces how crucial interdependence and collaboration are to their tasks. Although the drama experienced by field personnel is rarely mirrored in the conference room, the ability to collaborate productively around any task is related to the experience individuals have as members of a group.
Police are a holding environment for society. Society depends on police for basic safety needs and to help manage anxiety about the aggressive impulses of others. Reaction to the Rodney King verdict strongly demonstrated the degree to which some members of society regard police as the source of the aggression they are seeking to stop. The perception that they cannot depend on the very social institution created for their protection constitutes a serious deprivation because institutions are social systems that "function as a collective defense against anxiety". Police institutions serve police employees in the same way by providing a collective defense against the anxiety generated by the job itself. If you need help with admission essay writing or want to get Custom written term papers, do not hesitate to buy services at our site! Adults are ambivalent about dependency because dependence threatens deeply held values of autonomy, independence, and free will and is reminiscent of a primitive, childlike aspect of ourselves. This is especially difficult for law enforcers because of cultural projections about police and masculinity that imprison officers as much as they imprison those who create the projections. When individual officers feel disconnected from their institutions, or the institutions themselves disconnect from society, we see disorder within police departments and the increase of basic assumption activity--particularly fight or flight activity--as manifested by vigilantism, brutality, burnout, labor unrest, and the perversion of authority. Although society has every right to expect police to hold to a higher standard, it is also obligated to provide the support necessary to maintain that higher standard. Neither the dependent needs of society nor the dependent needs of officers can be ignored because of their intrinsic relatedness. The process consultant models the holding environment by providing employees a container in which to learn to understand and manage the social and intrapsychic experiences that are attached to police work: despair, ambivalence, fear, dependence, impulsivity, cynicism, anxiety, frustration, and the ongoing dilemma between the humiliation of passivity and remorse for aggression. Get custom critical essay writing online at cheap price! I work with leadership at all levels of the organization to apply the authority of their role to secure the work environment so that it becomes a safe base from which to take risks. Law enforcement takes risks in order to make things secure. Conversely, things must be secure in order to take those risks.
The way in which group dynamics influences individuals and impacts the exercise of leadership and authority was described by Bion. Bion hypothesized the existence of two levels of group functioning: conscious, rational, task-oriented activity known as work, and unconscious, irrational activity known as basic assumption life. Bion described three basic assumptions seen in group activity: dependence (the shared assumption that groups come together to meet their dependency needs rather than to work); fight or flight (the assumption that groups assemble not to work but to fight or flee from the leader or to get the leader to collude with the group in fight or flight activity); and pairing (the assumption that the group is organized to produce a pair who will save the day rather than require the group to collaborate in the solution to a problem). Turquet added a fourth assumption, basic oneness, in which a group operated as if it were all of one mind, and was all the individual members needed to survive in the world. All of these "as if" states of group activity exist along a continuum ranging from universal and normal to exaggerated and pathological and each has its light and dark sides. Looking for advices with English essay writing? Dependency on the leader, for instance, can be seen in team spirit and group loyalty as well as in the tragic consequences of following a Jim Jones or a David Koresh. Dependency is the predominant assumption in the police culture. This contradicts stereotypical views of police as fighters. Although police do fight, of course, they have pressing needs for job security and their predilection for variety and action is best satisfied within a contained holding environment in which they are well cared for. Holding environment is a term borrowed from family therapy to describe the way in which families manage and contain the emotional aspects of family life. The power of holding environments to contain aggression and minister to dependent needs is best seen in the breech. Even small rents in the holding environment generate major shifts into a fight or flight reaction. Shoring up the integrity of the holding environment, normalizing dependency, balancing individual and organizational responsibility, and linking all to effective police work is a critical task for the organization consultant.
Human beings live and work in groups. Our memberships in groups are reassuring when they address our needs and frightening when they threaten to overwhelm our sense of individuality. We hold memberships in many groups at once--work, family, community, and so on--and those groups may be related, sometimes cooperatively, sometimes competitively. It is axiomatic that one cannot take the individual out of the group or the group out of the individual. Organizations are structured, intentional associations of groups with an agreed-on task. Process consultants spend much of their time working with groups and considering the relationship between individuals, groups, leadership, authority, and task. It is safe to custom essay writing at our site! These relationships are uniquely strained in the police culture because individual personality is so often squashed by the standardization of labor, projections from society, and the pressure to conform and bond together against a seemingly hostile public. Understanding how leadership and authority is connected to group behavior is crucial to organizational diagnosis. Often the police chief or manager who has first contacted the consultant is both the source and bearer of the problems the consultant will address. When working with individual leaders, I look at how group and organizational behavior promotes or impedes individuals from exercising personal or vested authority. I ask myself a number of questions: Is leadership related to the whole organization or to certain segments only? Is authority delegated on the basis of competence or other factors like gender, race, or politics? How clear are leaders about the role and task of the agency and its subunits. How knowledgeable is the chief about these dynamic factors in the agency? What is the relationship between overt and covert, formal and informal leadership? Can new leaders emerge? Are current leaders cut off and isolated? What projections do leaders attract and why? How can such projections be returned to the rest of the organization?
The work of the organizational consultant is psychodynamic; phenomenological; systemic in scope; sensitive to issues of race, gender, and authority; and focused more on process than content and more on group relations than individual personality. The consultant's role is that of participant/observer, not expert. The consultant is a mutual learner along with clients, and not a trainer, although occasional training may be necessary. The consultant is not a meeting facilitator, an encounter group leader, a strategist, a planner, or a therapist, although he or she is much interested in the data of individual experience, particularly anxiety, and he or she uses interpretation as an intervention tool. The work of psychodynamic, process-oriented consultation contrasts significantly with interventions that rely predominantly (and optimistically) on conscious, rational thinking for data about the organization. If you seek help with admission essay writing or want to receive Custom written term papers, do not hesitate to request professional writing help at our site! Such interventions tend to focus on well-defined measurable problems (e.g., productivity) or teach specific skills. They are popular with law enforcement because they resonate with aspects of the police culture that emphasize a nonemotional, nonthreatening, control-based, goal-oriented approach to problem solving. Each time participant/observer consultants contract with a client they must study the new culture they are entering. I learned the value of being a participant/observer when I was a drama student observing people at work. My professor had warned me that bad acting resulted from false and romantic assumptions about the character one played. Great actors, he said, understood that Macbeth roamed the halls of his drafty, ill-lit castle wrapped in a stinking bearskin cape for warmth. His life was both corporeal and cerebral. It was not enough to portray only his tortured emotions. For a drama project I took a job in a Times Square dance hall. I observed firsthand that the work was tedious and that business was conducted according to a stringent unwritten etiquette, violation of which brought censure and social expulsion from the dozen or so female dance partners who represented most of the erotic archetypes from ancient and modern history. This was a big surprise, as I was expecting to find only licentiousness and anarchy in such a wanton enterprise. Get customized critical essay help online at the cheapest price! It was also an enduring first lesson in the benefits of immersing myself in the occupational subculture of the workplace. Years of consulting experience have supported the soundness of that unexpected lesson, especially when the occupational culture is distorted by projections and contains values vastly different from one's own. There is no textbook treatment or classroom lecture that can approximate the information, perspective, and credibility one gains from firsthand observation and participation at the worksite. Officers care more about how many hours consultants have spent riding in a patrol car in the middle of the night than where they earned their doctorates.
Among the skeptics were those who thought that organizational theories based on research conducted in business and industry had limited generalizability to human service organizations (HSOs) such as hospitals, social services agencies, schools, and police departments. Kouzes and Mico, for instance, criticized organization development technology because it was industry specific. They believed industry operated from a simple structural paradigm with profit being a clear quantifiable goal and measure of success. The goals of HSOs, on the contrary, were ambiguous, problematic, unclear, intangible, and qualitative. They described HSOs as associations of spheres of influence and control they called domains. The three primary domains-policymaking, management, and service delivery--each operated by contrasting principles, had different views of reality, employed different success measures, and used various modes of work. If you would like to Buy a Custom Paper on the Research Conducted, you may confidently rely on professionalism of our online writers! They believed organization consultation was best utilized to "create opportunities for people to confront the tensions caused by the interactions of these disjunctive domains". The more complex the organizational task, the more subgroups are inclined to substitute their own group task as the defining goal of the organization. This is a familiar scenario in police organizations where the city council, administrators, and line-level personnel seem perpetually at odds over such issues as the definition of their primary mission, the apportionment of scarce resources, and norms of behavior. These same conflicts extend even to the service providers who argue about the relative importance of the many mandated and optional police services; a far cry from the relative simplicity of profit and loss. The 1980s and 1990s saw a move toward purposefully enlarging the domain of collaboration in law enforcement with the creation of community-oriented policing, which can be described as an effort to widen the collaborative domain between police and citizens by maximizing contact with the community, and increasing communication, exposure, and accountability. Problem definition and problem solving are done conjointly with the consumer or customer of police services. Buy our Premium custom essay writing services and get your English essay written at affordable price! Access to city services is restructured and authority redistributed between municipal departments so that the line-level officer can solve a social or community problem by going directly to another city department for assistance. The experience and expertise of private industry is indelibly stamped on community policing through strategies and concepts of customer service, research and development, and a variety of marketing and service delivery techniques. Such collaborative efforts are not always welcome because the existence of an impermeable boundary between police and community can be reas-suring to both sides. Police are concerned that a coalition with the community will result in a civilian review board and the unwelcome intrusion of uninformed, hostile citizen groups into police management. While most communities welcome community policing, some believe the presence of substations and beat officers in their neighborhood is tantamount to living in occupied territory.
Children today love luxury. They have bad manners, a contempt for authority, a disrespect for their elders, and they like to talk instead of work. Our educated writers deliver Custom Written Research Papers of the best quality! They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble up the best at the table, and tyrannize over their teachers.
Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), grandfather of Charles Darwin, maintained in his 1797 A Plan for the Conduct of Female Education in Boarding Schools that the children of his day had become far too sedentary and were in need of vigorous daily exercising. Concern about the declining physical capacities of children, particularly ruling-class boys, played a vital role in the development of organized sports during the second half of the 1800s as well as the rise of 'muscular Christianity'. And as a number of social historians have shown, social reformers had been articulating variations of these concerns since at least the early 1800s. In fact, a case could easily be made that the fear of bodily deterioration, brought about by rapid urbanization, was one of the defining ideas of the Victorian age. For example, McLaren shows how the proliferation of office work in Europe and North America generated middle-class anxiety about both physical and moral 'vigour'. Order essay or editing writing services and receive assignment drafted by the best writer! Similar concerns about the corrupting potential of civilisation where central to Pierre de Coubertin's inspiration for the modern Olympic Games and, in an extreme form, shaped both the language and iconography of European fascism.
By the early twentieth century, the idea that modern living was unhealthy and lead to mass indolence had begun to find an important ally in the emerging field of scientifically grounded medicine. Elsewhere, in his ominously titled The Word, the Flesh and the Devil (1929), the distinguished scientist J. D. Bernal predicted that, unless new functions were found for the human body, which he saw as trapped in a rapidly technologically changing world, it would be dispensed with altogether through sheer lack of use.
Despite the mass-media's recent and sudden interest in the subject, the idea that modern Western living produces entire populations of people who are overweight and averse to exercise is also not new. Only this season Research papers online for sale. Get Custom essay service at the lowest price! Unique offer for university students. Indeed, it is an idea that a variety of experts and writers of various kinds have consistently found hard to resist. This is interesting, not least because those who write about the ‘obesity epidemic' often hark back to a quite recent pre-epidemic period. According to these experts, this was a time without televisions and computers when people ate less fattening home cooked meals and did more exercise more often.
Today's 50-60-year-old adult is likely to have walked or cycled to school, played for hours outside the house, was not distracted too much by television, and eventually walked to work - which was probably a manual job. So, any baseline measurements of physical activity or fitness may be misleading, as we know there has been an inexorable decrease in activity levels in all sectors of society over the past 50 years.
Given that children were less sedentary 50 years ago, we believe that by instituting similar lifestyle modifications (watching less TV, eating fewer higher-calorie fast foods, and being more physically active), the current rising physical inactivity and obesity epidemics can be thwarted.
Western culture has a long tradition of suspicious ambivalence towards the process of modernization, with its urban lifestyles and labour-saving technologies, and it is clear the idea that modernization produces 'soft' and under-utilized bodies stretches back much further than the 1950s. Have you ever tried custom written term papers? In concert with what appears to be the almost universal tendency for adults from any period of Western history to see their children as insufficiently physically active, the story of physical decline is, it seems, one we all know. Socrates' often quoted words capture the joining together of these two ideas, such that each generation's allegedly lazy children are seen as a sign that society itself is going downhill.
In a 1954 edition of the American Journal of Digestive Diseases, A. W. Pennington's article 'Treatment of obesity: developments of the past 150 years' prosecutes the case that simple overeating is not the cause of most cases of obesity. Here, Pennington laments that a preoccupation with the orthodoxy of caloric restriction, driven by a faith in what we have called the energy-in/energy-out law, has retarded the development of effective obesity treatments. In particular, he argues that the high-protein diet championed by the nineteenth-century ear surgeon, William Harvey, and his later-to-be famous patient, William Banting, was, in fact, a major breakthrough. Pennington claims that the medical establishment greeted the Harvey/Banting diet with hostility simply because scientific knowledge could not yet supply a reason for why the diet worked. After an initial period of excitement over the Banting diet, Pennington argues, treatment reverted to adherence to the idea of energy balance: 'Thus, omniscience remained inviolate and an opportunity for scientific advance was lost'.
As the 20th century advances, the view became ever more widely accepted that the cause of obesity was an inflow of energy greater than the outflow, the disproportion between the two being attributed to careless or perverted eating habits. Seek custom term paper or need Free Essay Help? Order assistance by qualified academic writers! These, in turn, were explained on a psychiatric or moral basis to which, later, a disorder of the 'appestat' was joined … On all sides, concepts of obesity were being dismissed with laconic references to the law of conservation of energy, accompanied by knowing nods.
Obesity, in most cases, is a compensatory hypertrophy of the adipose tissues, providing for a greater utilization of fat by an organism that suffers a defect in its ability to oxidize carbohydrate. This concept of obesity will, doubtless, strike many as strange in view of its complete departure from the usually prevailing one. Part of its strangeness, however, will be due to the newness of some of the physiological facts on which it is based. As these come to be more widely known and the matter is explored in a penetrating manner, its strangeness, I feel sure, will disappear.
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